Why Rats Make Surprising Pets: Care, Behavior, and Choosing Right
Rats, often dismissed as pests, are actually intelligent and social animals that can make rewarding companions. However, they are not low-maintenance pets; they require daily attention and exercise outside their cage—ideally at least an hour each day. Their ease of taming makes them ideal for owners who enjoy handling their pets. Here’s what you need to know about keeping pet rats, from their biology to choosing a healthy individual.
Understanding Pet Rat Biology and Behavior
Most pet rats are Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus), also known as common rats, brown rats, or sewer rats. They typically live 18 to 36 months, and their bodies are 9 to 11 inches long, with tails adding another 7 to 9 inches. In the U.S., about 6.7 million households have small animals like rats as pets.
Rats are nocturnal, so they are most active at night. They are social creatures and thrive when kept with at least one other rat; same-sex pairs or groups are recommended. Males, called bucks, are larger and lazier with coarser coats, while females, called does, are smaller and more playful. Sexual maturity occurs early—males by 6 to 10 weeks and females by 8 to 12 weeks—so it's crucial to separate sexes before that age to avoid unplanned litters. Females go into heat every four to five days, lasting about 24 hours, which explains their rapid breeding.
When handled gently, rats are comfortable and non-aggressive, but they can bite if scared or threatened. Their curiosity and trainability often lead owners to compare their companionship to that of dogs.
Housing and Social Needs
Because rats are highly social, they should never be kept alone. Same-sex pairs or groups are ideal, and males usually get along if introduced young or if they are littermates. Keeping multiple rats does not complicate taming if they are handled from a young age; the bond remains strong.
For housing, a spacious multi-level wire cage with a solid base is recommended. A minimum of 2 feet by 2 feet by 2 feet suits two rats. The cage should be lined with safe substrate like aspen bedding, and include a food dish, water bottle, toys, and hiding places.
Where to Acquire a Pet Rat
Prospective owners have several options. Pet stores are convenient, but ensure the staff is knowledgeable and the animals are kept in clean, appropriate housing with regular handling. Stores should also house males and females separately to prevent unexpected litters.
Breeders, known as ratteries, are ideal for well-socialized young rats and are the best source for specific coat types or colors. Animal shelters and rat-specific rescue groups are also options for those looking to rescue a rat in need. Rescued rats may initially be shy, but with patience, they often overcome this. Regardless of the source, avoid aggressive rats, as this trait is difficult to change.
Selecting a Healthy Rat
When choosing a rat, avoid those that are panicky when handled and do not calm down quickly. Also, be wary of rats that are overly quiet and calm, as they may be ill. Ideally, choose a rat that is curious and approaches you.
Health is paramount, as rats can carry diseases transmissible to humans, such as rat bite fever, ringworm, and leptospirosis. Look for these signs of a healthy rat:
- Firm, well-rounded body (younger rats may be leaner)
- Clean nose, eyes, ears, and rear end without discharge
- Clean, well-groomed coat
- Clean, pink skin on ears and tail, free of sores, redness, or dandruff
- Feet free of sores (bumbles) and no limping
- No labored breathing, sneezing, or nasal/eye discharge (signs of respiratory disease)
- No drooling or wetness around the mouth (possible dental issues)
Also check for lice, which are common, by looking for nits (small white eggs) behind the ears where fur is sparse.
By being observant in your selection, you can enjoy a satisfying companionship and a few years of fun with your new pet rat.
